Opponents of desegregation used legal maneuvers, school closures, intimidation, and violence to maintain racially segregated schools. The "Southern Manifesto," signed by many Southern members of ...
In 1892, a mixed-race shoemaker from New Orleans named Homer Plessy was arrested for riding in a "Whites-only" railcar. Four years later in Plessy v. Ferguson, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld his arrest ...
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