This application note introduces the concepts of digital modulation used in many communications systems today. Emphasis is placed on explaining the tradeoffs that are made to optimize efficiencies in ...

Modulation is fundamental to electronic communications. The modulating signal might be analog in nature (voice or music) or digital bit streams. Most modern communication systems are digital, using ...

Index modulation (IM) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems represents a transformative approach in modern communications. This technique utilises the indices of active ...

Spatial modulation (SM) and multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) systems represent a significant advance in wireless communication technology. By utilising the spatial dimension, SM encodes part of ...

Receive fundamental information on analog and digital modulation methods by downloading this pocket guide. Signal generators play a vital role in electrical test and measurement. They generate the ...

Harvard SEAS researchers have created an electro-optic digital-to-analog converter that bridges electronic and photonic signals for efficient photonic computing and signal processing. The device is ...