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Behavioural experiments in shell-dwelling cichlid fish reveal evolutionary adaptations in parents and offspring that control the timing of emergence from the nest. To mimic the empty snail shells that ...

Shell-dwelling cichlids take intense care of their offspring, which they raise in abandoned snail shells. A team at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence used 3D-printed snail shells to ...

The unique diversity of cichlids in Africa’s oldest lake could help unlock the secrets of evolution. Baby Haplotaxodon microlepis scramble for safety in their mother’s mouth. Like many cichlid species ...

Behavioural variation among conspecifics is typically contingent on individual state or environmental conditions. Sex-specific genetic polymorphisms are enigmatic because they lack conditionality, and ...