Topology is a branch of mathematics that explores the properties of space that remain unchanged under continuous transformations—like stretching, twisting, or bending—without tearing or gluing. It emphasizes key concepts such as continuity, compactness, connectedness, and boundaries. Often called “rubber-sheet geometry,” topology focuses on the fundamental, qualitative features of shapes and spaces. One fascinating topic within topology is the study of knots, where loops of string are analyzed t